Ethical aspects of invasive neurotechnologies: an integrative literature review

Abstract

Advances in neurotechnologies, such as deep brain stimulation and brain-computer interfaces,
have expanded therapeutic and cognitive possibilities, but have also generated unprecedented ethical
dilemmas. This study conducted an integrative literature review based on PRISMA guidelines using
Medline, Lilacs, BVS, and SciELO databases, including 23 articles published between 2015 and 2025.
The analysis identified five main ethical axes: autonomy and informed consent; identity and authenticity;
mental privacy and fundamental neurorights; justice and equitable access; and moral responsibility and
governance. The results indicate that neurotechnologies challenge the classical principles of bioethics
and require new forms of global ethical governance capable of protecting cognitive freedom, mental
dignity, and equity of access. It is concluded that contemporary bioethics must anticipate risks and propose
guidelines that reconcile technological innovation with the safeguarding of the human condition.